How can you tell if a dog is about to give birth?

Determining if a dog is about to give birth involves observing a combination of physical, behavioral, and physiological changes. These signs typically occur in the final days or hours before labor begins. Here’s a detailed guide to help you recognize the signs and prepare for your dog’s delivery.

1. Physical Changes:
As the dog approaches labor, her body undergoes several noticeable changes. One of the most obvious signs is a drop in body temperature. A dog’s normal body temperature ranges between 101 and 102.5 degrees Fahrenheit. About 24 hours before labor, her temperature will drop to around 98 to 99 degrees Fahrenheit. This is a reliable indicator that labor is imminent. You can monitor this by taking her temperature rectally twice daily during the final week of pregnancy.

Another physical sign is the enlargement and relaxation of the vulva. The vulva may appear swollen and softer as the body prepares for delivery. Additionally, the mammary glands will become more prominent, and milk may start to leak. This is a sign that her body is getting ready to nurse the puppies.

2. Behavioral Changes:
Behavioral changes are also strong indicators that labor is near. A pregnant dog may become restless, pacing, or nesting. Nesting behavior involves seeking out a quiet, comfortable place to give birth. She may scratch at blankets or bedding to create a suitable area. Some dogs may also become more clingy or seek extra attention from their owners, while others may prefer solitude.

Appetite changes are common as well. Many dogs lose their appetite in the 24 to 48 hours before labor begins. This is normal and should not be a cause for concern unless it persists for an extended period.

3. Physiological Signs:
As labor approaches, you may notice clear or slightly bloody vaginal discharge. This is the result of the cervix beginning to dilate. Contractions will also start, though they may not be immediately visible. Initially, these contractions are mild and irregular, but they will become stronger and more frequent as labor progresses.

4. Stages of Labor:
Understanding the stages of labor can help you recognize when your dog is about to give birth. Labor is divided into three stages:
a. Stage One: This stage can last 6 to 12 hours and is characterized by restlessness, panting, and nesting behavior. Contractions begin, but they are not yet strong enough to push the puppies out.
b. Stage Two: This is the active stage of labor, where the dog will deliver the puppies. Contractions become stronger and more frequent, and you may see the dog straining. Each puppy is typically born within 30 to 60 minutes of active straining, though this can vary.
c. Stage Three: After each puppy is born, the placenta is expelled. This stage alternates with stage two as each puppy and placenta is delivered.

5. Practical Tips:
To prepare for your dog’s delivery, create a quiet, comfortable whelping area. This should be a warm, draft-free space with clean bedding. Have supplies ready, such as clean towels, scissors, dental floss (for tying off umbilical cords if necessary), and a heating pad or heat lamp to keep the puppies warm.

Monitor your dog closely during labor, but avoid interfering unless necessary. Most dogs are capable of giving birth without assistance, but be prepared to step in if complications arise.

6. Potential Risks:
While most dogs deliver puppies without issues, complications can occur. Prolonged labor, where more than two hours pass between puppies, or if the dog strains for more than 30 minutes without producing a puppy, requires immediate veterinary attention. Other signs of trouble include excessive bleeding, green discharge (which can indicate a placental separation), or if the dog appears to be in severe pain.

7. When to Seek Professional Help:
If you notice any signs of distress or complications, contact your veterinarian immediately. It’s also a good idea to have your vet’s contact information readily available and to inform them of your dog’s due date so they can be prepared if needed.

8. Long-Term Care:
After the puppies are born, ensure the mother and her litter receive proper care. Keep the whelping area clean and monitor the puppies for signs of health issues, such as difficulty nursing or lethargy. The mother will need a high-quality diet to support milk production and recovery.

By understanding these signs and preparing accordingly, you can help ensure a smooth and safe delivery for your dog and her puppies.