How do you handle a dog that has a retained placenta?

A retained placenta in dogs is a serious condition that occurs when the placenta, or afterbirth, is not expelled from the uterus within a few hours after giving birth. This condition can lead to life-threatening complications such as infection, uterine inflammation (metritis), or sepsis if not addressed promptly. Handling a retained placenta requires immediate attention and a combination of veterinary intervention and supportive care at home.

1. Direct Response to the Question:
To handle a dog with a retained placenta, you must first recognize the signs, seek veterinary care immediately, and follow the veterinarian's treatment plan. This may include medical management, manual removal of the placenta, or surgical intervention if necessary. At home, you should monitor the dog closely for signs of infection or distress and provide a clean, comfortable environment for recovery.

2. Detailed Explanation and Background Information:
During normal whelping (the process of giving birth), each puppy is born followed by its placenta. The mother typically expels the placenta within 15-30 minutes after each puppy is delivered. However, in some cases, the placenta may remain in the uterus, leading to a retained placenta. This can occur due to uterine inertia (lack of contractions), a large litter, or other complications during birth. Retained placentas are more common in older dogs or those with a history of reproductive issues.

3. Scientific or Professional Insights:
A retained placenta creates a breeding ground for bacteria, which can lead to metritis, a severe uterine infection. The condition can also cause systemic infection (sepsis) if bacteria enter the bloodstream. According to veterinary research, early intervention is critical to prevent these complications. Hormonal treatments, such as oxytocin, may be administered to stimulate uterine contractions and expel the placenta. In severe cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be necessary.

4. Practical Tips and Recommendations:
If you suspect a retained placenta, contact your veterinarian immediately. While waiting for professional help, keep the mother and puppies warm and comfortable. Avoid attempting to remove the placenta yourself, as this can cause injury or infection. Monitor the mother for signs of illness, such as fever, lethargy, foul-smelling discharge, or loss of appetite. Ensure she stays hydrated and provide a quiet, stress-free environment.

5. Potential Risks or Concerns:
The primary risks of a retained placenta include infection, sepsis, and death if left untreated. Additionally, the mother may experience prolonged recovery, reduced milk production, or difficulty caring for her puppies. Puppies may also be at risk if the mother becomes too ill to nurse them.

6. Additional Related Information:
Retained placentas are more common in certain breeds, such as Bulldogs and other brachycephalic breeds, due to their unique anatomy and birthing challenges. Dogs with a history of dystocia (difficult birth) or those with large litters are also at higher risk. Regular prenatal care and monitoring during whelping can help identify potential issues early.

7. References to Expert Opinions or Research:
Veterinary textbooks and studies emphasize the importance of prompt treatment for retained placentas. According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, oxytocin is the most commonly used medication to address this condition, but it must be administered carefully to avoid uterine rupture. Surgical intervention is recommended if medical management fails or if the dog shows signs of severe infection.

8. Step-by-Step Instructions:
a. Observe the mother during and after whelping to ensure all placentas are expelled.
b. If a placenta is retained, contact your veterinarian immediately.
c. Follow the veterinarian's instructions, which may include administering medication or bringing the dog in for an examination.
d. Monitor the mother for signs of infection or distress, such as fever, lethargy, or foul-smelling discharge.
e. Keep the mother and puppies in a clean, warm, and quiet environment.
f. Provide plenty of fresh water and high-quality nutrition to support recovery.

9. Prevention and Long-Term Care Suggestions:
To reduce the risk of retained placenta, ensure your dog receives proper prenatal care, including regular veterinary checkups and a balanced diet. During whelping, monitor the process closely and seek veterinary assistance if labor is prolonged or if you notice any abnormalities. After birth, keep the whelping area clean and monitor the mother for any signs of complications.

10. When to Seek Professional Help:
Seek immediate veterinary care if you suspect a retained placenta or if the mother shows signs of illness, such as fever, lethargy, or foul-smelling discharge. Early intervention is critical to prevent life-threatening complications. If the mother is unable to care for her puppies, consult your veterinarian for guidance on supplemental feeding and care.

In summary, a retained placenta is a serious condition that requires prompt veterinary attention. By recognizing the signs, seeking professional help, and providing supportive care, you can help ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and her puppies.