What are the signs of a retained placenta?

A retained placenta in dogs, also known as retained fetal membranes, is a condition that occurs when the placenta or parts of it are not expelled from the uterus after the birth of puppies. This condition can lead to serious complications if not addressed promptly. Below is a detailed explanation of the signs, risks, and steps to take if you suspect your dog has a retained placenta.

1. Signs of a Retained Placenta
The most obvious sign of a retained placenta is the presence of placental tissue or membranes still attached to the uterus after all puppies have been delivered. However, this may not always be visible externally. Other signs include:
- Vaginal discharge that is foul-smelling, greenish, or bloody, which may indicate infection.
- Lethargy or weakness in the mother dog, as she may feel unwell due to the retained tissue.
- Loss of appetite or refusal to eat, which is often a sign of discomfort or illness.
- Fever, which can indicate an infection developing in the uterus.
- Abdominal pain or discomfort, which may cause the dog to appear restless or unwilling to nurse her puppies.
- Swelling or redness around the vulva, which can be a sign of inflammation or infection.

2. Detailed Explanation and Background Information
During normal whelping, each puppy is born with its own placenta, which is usually expelled within 15 minutes to an hour after the puppy is delivered. If the placenta is not expelled, it can lead to a condition called metritis, which is an infection of the uterus. This can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Retained placentas are more common in dogs that have had difficult or prolonged labor, or in cases where the mother dog is exhausted and unable to expel the placenta naturally.

3. Scientific or Professional Insights
Retained placentas can lead to bacterial infections, as the retained tissue provides a breeding ground for bacteria. This can result in sepsis, a severe systemic infection that can spread throughout the body. Additionally, the retained tissue can cause the uterus to contract abnormally, leading to further complications such as uterine inertia, where the uterus fails to contract properly.

4. Practical Tips and Recommendations
If you suspect your dog has a retained placenta, it is important to monitor her closely. Keep an eye on her behavior, appetite, and any discharge from her vulva. Ensure she is staying hydrated and eating, as this will help her recover from the birthing process. If you notice any signs of infection or if she seems unwell, contact your veterinarian immediately.

5. Potential Risks or Concerns
The primary risk associated with a retained placenta is infection, which can quickly become life-threatening. Other risks include uterine rupture, which can occur if the uterus becomes overdistended with retained tissue, and septicemia, which is a severe infection that can spread to the bloodstream.

6. Additional Related Information
In some cases, a retained placenta may not be immediately obvious, especially if the dog has given birth to a large litter. It is important to count the number of placentas expelled and compare it to the number of puppies born. If there is a discrepancy, it is possible that a placenta has been retained.

7. References to Expert Opinions or Research
Veterinary experts recommend that any signs of retained placenta be taken seriously and addressed promptly. According to studies, early intervention can significantly reduce the risk of complications such as metritis and sepsis.

8. Step-by-Step Instructions
If you suspect a retained placenta, follow these steps:
1. Monitor your dog closely for any signs of infection or discomfort.
2. Count the number of placentas expelled and compare it to the number of puppies born.
3. Contact your veterinarian if you notice any signs of retained placenta or if your dog appears unwell.
4. Follow your veterinarian's instructions, which may include administering antibiotics or performing a manual removal of the retained tissue.

9. Prevention and Long-Term Care Suggestions
To reduce the risk of retained placenta, ensure your dog is in good health before breeding. Provide proper nutrition and care during pregnancy, and monitor her closely during labor. After birth, keep the whelping area clean and monitor your dog for any signs of complications.

10. When to Seek Professional Help
If you notice any signs of retained placenta, such as foul-smelling discharge, lethargy, or fever, contact your veterinarian immediately. Early intervention is crucial to prevent serious complications. Additionally, if your dog has had a difficult labor or if you are unsure whether all placentas have been expelled, it is best to consult your veterinarian for a thorough examination.