What are the most common surgeries performed by veterinarians on dogs?

The most common surgeries performed by veterinarians on dogs are typically those that address routine health issues, injuries, or preventive care. These surgeries are often necessary to improve a dog's quality of life, treat medical conditions, or prevent future health problems. Below is a detailed explanation of the most common surgeries, their purposes, and what dog owners should know about them.

1. Spaying and Neutering
Spaying (ovariohysterectomy) and neutering (castration) are the most frequently performed surgeries in dogs. Spaying involves the removal of a female dog's ovaries and uterus, while neutering involves the removal of a male dog's testicles. These procedures are primarily done to prevent unwanted pregnancies and reduce the risk of certain health issues. For example, spaying eliminates the risk of uterine infections (pyometra) and significantly reduces the risk of mammary tumors. Neutering reduces the risk of testicular cancer and can help curb undesirable behaviors such as roaming, marking, and aggression. These surgeries are typically recommended when dogs are between six months and one year old, though timing may vary based on breed and health status.

2. Dental Surgery
Dental issues are common in dogs, especially as they age. Dental surgeries may include tooth extractions, treatment of periodontal disease, or removal of oral tumors. Periodontal disease is particularly prevalent and can lead to pain, tooth loss, and systemic infections if left untreated. Regular dental check-ups and cleanings can help prevent severe dental problems, but surgery is often necessary for advanced cases. Signs that your dog may need dental surgery include bad breath, difficulty eating, drooling, or visible tartar buildup.

3. Mass Removal
Lumps and bumps on a dog's skin are common, and while many are benign, some may require surgical removal. Masses can be caused by cysts, lipomas (fatty tumors), or more serious conditions like mast cell tumors. A veterinarian will typically perform a fine needle aspirate or biopsy to determine the nature of the mass before recommending surgery. Early removal of suspicious masses can prevent the spread of cancer and improve outcomes.

4. Orthopedic Surgeries
Orthopedic surgeries are often needed to address injuries or congenital conditions affecting a dog's bones, joints, or ligaments. Common procedures include repairing torn cruciate ligaments (similar to ACL injuries in humans), treating hip dysplasia, or fixing fractures. These surgeries can significantly improve mobility and reduce pain. Recovery often involves physical therapy and restricted activity to ensure proper healing.

5. Foreign Body Removal
Dogs are naturally curious and may ingest non-food items, leading to intestinal blockages. Foreign body removal surgery is necessary when an object cannot pass through the digestive tract and poses a life-threatening risk. Symptoms of a blockage include vomiting, lethargy, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain. Prompt veterinary attention is crucial to prevent complications like perforation or sepsis.

6. Bladder Stone Removal
Bladder stones, or uroliths, can cause pain, difficulty urinating, and urinary tract infections. Surgery may be required to remove large stones that cannot be dissolved through diet or medication. The type of stone (e.g., struvite, calcium oxalate) will determine the best treatment approach. Preventative measures, such as feeding a balanced diet and ensuring adequate hydration, can reduce the risk of recurrence.

7. Eye Surgeries
Certain eye conditions, such as cataracts, cherry eye, or entropion (inward rolling of the eyelid), may require surgical intervention. Cataract surgery can restore vision in dogs with severe lens opacity, while cherry eye surgery involves repositioning the prolapsed gland of the third eyelid. Entropion surgery corrects the eyelid's position to prevent corneal damage. Early treatment is essential to prevent permanent vision loss.

8. Gastrointestinal Surgeries
Surgeries involving the stomach or intestines may be necessary to treat conditions like gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), also known as bloat, or to address severe cases of inflammatory bowel disease. GDV is a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate surgery to untwist the stomach and prevent tissue death. Preventative gastropexy, a procedure that tacks the stomach to the abdominal wall, is sometimes recommended for at-risk breeds like Great Danes and German Shepherds.

When to Seek Professional Help
If your dog shows signs of pain, lethargy, or unusual behavior, consult your veterinarian promptly. Early intervention can prevent minor issues from becoming major health crises. Always follow your vet's post-operative care instructions, including administering medications, restricting activity, and monitoring the incision site for signs of infection.

In summary, the most common dog surgeries address reproductive health, dental care, mass removal, orthopedic issues, foreign body ingestion, bladder stones, eye conditions, and gastrointestinal problems. Regular veterinary check-ups and preventive care can reduce the likelihood of needing surgery, but when necessary, these procedures can greatly improve a dog's health and well-being.