What is the history of the Pekingese breed?

The Pekingese is a small, ancient dog breed with a rich history that dates back over 2,000 years. Originating in China, this breed was highly revered and closely associated with Chinese royalty, particularly during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) and later during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Pekingese was considered a sacred dog, often referred to as the "lion dog" due to its resemblance to the Chinese guardian lions, or Fu Dogs, which were symbols of protection and power.

1. Origins and Royal Connection:
The Pekingese breed was developed in the imperial courts of China, where they were bred exclusively for the royal family. Commoners were forbidden from owning these dogs, and stealing or harming a Pekingese was punishable by death. The breed was believed to bring good fortune and was often carried in the sleeves of royalty, earning them the nickname "sleeve dogs." Their small size and regal demeanor made them ideal companions for the aristocracy.

2. Symbolism and Cultural Significance:
The Pekingese was deeply intertwined with Chinese culture and mythology. According to legend, the breed was created when a lion fell in love with a marmoset. The lion begged the Buddha to shrink him so he could be with his beloved, and the Buddha granted his wish, resulting in the Pekingese. This story reflects the breed's lion-like appearance and its status as a symbol of courage and nobility.

3. Arrival in the West:
The Pekingese remained largely unknown outside of China until the mid-19th century. During the Second Opium War in 1860, British forces looted the Imperial Palace in Beijing and discovered several Pekingese dogs. These dogs were brought back to England and presented to Queen Victoria, who named one of them Looty. This marked the beginning of the breed's introduction to the Western world. The Pekingese quickly gained popularity among European nobility and became a sought-after companion dog.

4. Breed Development and Recognition:
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Pekingese was further developed in England and the United States. Breed standards were established, emphasizing their distinctive features, such as their flat face, large eyes, and flowing coat. The American Kennel Club (AKC) officially recognized the Pekingese in 1906, and it has since become a beloved breed in dog shows and households worldwide.

5. Physical and Temperament Traits:
The Pekingese is known for its compact, sturdy body, short legs, and luxurious double coat. Their flat face, or brachycephalic structure, is a defining characteristic but also requires special care due to potential breathing difficulties. Despite their small size, Pekingese are known for their bold and confident personalities. They are loyal, affectionate, and often form strong bonds with their owners. However, they can also be independent and stubborn, requiring patient and consistent training.

6. Modern-Day Pekingese:
Today, the Pekingese remains a popular companion dog, though its numbers have declined compared to other small breeds. They are cherished for their unique appearance, regal bearing, and loving nature. However, prospective owners should be aware of the breed's specific needs, including regular grooming to maintain their coat and monitoring for health issues related to their brachycephalic structure.

7. Health Considerations:
Due to their flat faces, Pekingese are prone to brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), which can cause breathing difficulties. They are also susceptible to eye problems, such as corneal ulcers, and joint issues like patellar luxation. Regular veterinary check-ups and a healthy lifestyle are essential to ensure their well-being.

8. Long-Term Care and Prevention:
To care for a Pekingese, owners should prioritize grooming, as their long coat can easily become matted. Daily brushing and occasional baths are recommended. Additionally, maintaining a healthy weight is crucial to prevent joint problems. Owners should also be cautious in hot weather, as Pekingese are sensitive to heat due to their breathing challenges.

9. When to Seek Professional Help:
If a Pekingese shows signs of respiratory distress, such as excessive panting, wheezing, or collapsing, immediate veterinary attention is necessary. Similarly, any eye irritation or changes in mobility should be addressed promptly by a professional.

In summary, the Pekingese is a breed with a fascinating history rooted in Chinese royalty and culture. While they make wonderful companions, their unique physical traits require careful attention and specialized care. By understanding their history and needs, owners can ensure a happy and healthy life for their Pekingese.