What is the purpose of a dog's dewclaws?

Dewclaws are the small, often thumb-like claws located higher up on a dog's leg, typically on the inside of the front legs and sometimes on the hind legs. These claws do not touch the ground when the dog is standing or walking, which distinguishes them from the primary claws. The purpose of a dog's dewclaws has been a topic of debate among veterinarians, breeders, and dog enthusiasts, but there are several theories and practical explanations for their existence and function.

1. Evolutionary Purpose: Dewclaws are believed to be remnants of a dog's evolutionary past. In wild canids, such as wolves, dewclaws may have served a functional purpose, such as providing additional grip or stability when climbing, running on uneven terrain, or holding onto prey. Over time, as dogs evolved and their lifestyles changed, the need for dewclaws diminished, but they remained as vestigial structures.

2. Functional Role: In some dogs, particularly working breeds and those that engage in high-intensity activities, dewclaws can still serve a functional purpose. For example, breeds like the Great Pyrenees or Briard use their dewclaws for added traction when navigating rough or slippery terrain. In these cases, the dewclaws act like a thumb, helping the dog maintain balance and grip. Similarly, dogs that participate in agility or other sports may benefit from the extra stability provided by their dewclaws.

3. Injury Prevention: Dewclaws can also play a role in preventing injuries. When a dog is running at high speeds or making sharp turns, the dewclaws can help distribute the force and reduce strain on the leg joints. This is particularly important for breeds that are prone to joint issues, such as hip dysplasia or arthritis. By providing additional support, dewclaws may help mitigate the risk of injury.

4. Grooming and Self-Care: Some dogs use their dewclaws to scratch or groom themselves. While this is not their primary function, it can be a useful tool for reaching areas that are otherwise difficult to access. For example, a dog might use its dewclaw to scratch behind its ears or remove debris from its coat.

5. Potential Risks: Despite their potential benefits, dewclaws can also pose risks. Because they are not in constant contact with the ground, they do not wear down naturally like the other claws. This can lead to overgrowth, which may cause the dewclaw to curl and grow into the skin, leading to pain, infection, or other complications. Additionally, dewclaws can be prone to injury, especially if they are loosely attached. A torn or broken dewclaw can be painful and may require veterinary attention.

6. Dewclaw Removal: In some cases, dewclaws are removed shortly after birth, particularly in breeds where they are considered non-functional or at higher risk of injury. This procedure, known as dewclaw removal, is typically performed by a veterinarian and is most common in breeds like Dobermans, Rottweilers, and other working dogs. However, the decision to remove dewclaws should be made carefully, as it is a surgical procedure that carries risks, including infection and complications from anesthesia.

7. Long-Term Care: For dogs that retain their dewclaws, regular maintenance is essential. This includes trimming the dewclaw to prevent overgrowth and checking for signs of injury or infection. If the dewclaw is loose or prone to catching on objects, it may need to be monitored more closely. In some cases, a veterinarian may recommend bandaging or taping the dewclaw to protect it during high-activity periods.

8. When to Seek Professional Help: If a dog's dewclaw becomes injured, infected, or overgrown, it is important to seek veterinary care. Signs of a problem include limping, swelling, redness, or discharge around the dewclaw. A veterinarian can assess the situation and recommend appropriate treatment, which may include trimming, bandaging, or in severe cases, surgical removal.

In conclusion, while the purpose of a dog's dewclaws may vary depending on the breed and individual dog, they can serve both functional and evolutionary roles. Proper care and attention are essential to ensure that dewclaws do not become a source of discomfort or injury. If you have concerns about your dog's dewclaws, consult with a veterinarian for personalized advice and recommendations.