What health tests should be done before breeding a dog?

Breeding dogs is a significant responsibility that requires careful planning to ensure the health and well-being of both the parent dogs and their future puppies. Before breeding, it is essential to conduct a series of health tests to identify and address any potential genetic or health issues that could be passed on to the offspring. Below is a detailed explanation of the health tests that should be performed before breeding a dog, along with practical recommendations and considerations.

1. Genetic Screening
Genetic screening is one of the most critical steps in preparing a dog for breeding. Many breeds are predisposed to specific genetic disorders, such as hip dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy, or heart conditions. A DNA test can help identify whether a dog carries genes for these conditions. For example, breeds like Golden Retrievers should be tested for the gene associated with degenerative myelopathy, while Boxers should be screened for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). These tests help breeders make informed decisions and avoid passing on harmful genetic traits.

2. Hip and Elbow Dysplasia Evaluation
Hip and elbow dysplasia are common orthopedic issues in many dog breeds, particularly larger ones like German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, and Rottweilers. These conditions can cause pain, lameness, and arthritis. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) and the PennHIP method are two widely recognized systems for evaluating hip and elbow health. X-rays are taken and reviewed by specialists to assess the joint structure. Dogs with poor scores should not be bred, as these conditions are highly heritable.

3. Eye Examinations
Eye health is another critical area to evaluate before breeding. Many breeds are prone to inherited eye diseases such as cataracts, glaucoma, and progressive retinal atrophy. A board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist should perform a comprehensive eye exam, often referred to as a CERF (Canine Eye Registry Foundation) exam. This exam checks for abnormalities and ensures the dog’s eyes are healthy. Regular eye exams are recommended, as some conditions can develop later in life.

4. Cardiac Evaluation
Heart health is vital for breeding dogs, especially in breeds predisposed to heart conditions like dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Dobermans or mitral valve disease in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. A cardiac evaluation typically includes auscultation (listening to the heart with a stethoscope) and may involve an echocardiogram or electrocardiogram (ECG) to assess heart function. Dogs with heart murmurs or other abnormalities should not be bred.

5. Thyroid Function Testing
Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder in dogs that can affect metabolism, coat quality, and overall health. A blood test can measure thyroid hormone levels to ensure the dog’s thyroid is functioning properly. Breeds like Golden Retrievers, Dobermans, and Cocker Spaniels are particularly prone to thyroid issues. Proper thyroid function is essential for the health of both the parent and the puppies.

6. Brucellosis Testing
Brucellosis is a bacterial infection that can cause infertility, miscarriages, and stillbirths in dogs. It is highly contagious and can be transmitted through breeding. A blood test is used to screen for Brucella canis, the bacteria responsible for the disease. Both male and female dogs should be tested before breeding, and any dog testing positive should not be bred.

7. Additional Breed-Specific Tests
Some breeds require additional tests based on their unique health concerns. For example, Bulldogs and other brachycephalic breeds should be evaluated for breathing issues, while Dalmatians should be tested for urinary stones. Breed-specific health tests can be found through breed clubs or organizations like the OFA.

8. General Health Check
A thorough general health examination by a veterinarian is essential before breeding. This includes checking for any signs of illness, evaluating body condition, and ensuring the dog is up-to-date on vaccinations and parasite prevention. The dog should be in optimal health to handle the physical demands of pregnancy and whelping.

9. Temperament Evaluation
While not a medical test, temperament is an important factor to consider before breeding. Dogs with aggressive, fearful, or overly anxious temperaments should not be bred, as these traits can be passed on to their puppies. A stable, confident temperament is ideal for breeding dogs.

10. When to Seek Professional Help
If any health issues are identified during testing, it is crucial to consult with a veterinarian or a veterinary specialist before proceeding with breeding. In some cases, treatment or management may be possible, but in others, breeding may not be advisable.

In conclusion, breeding dogs responsibly requires a commitment to ensuring the health and well-being of the parent dogs and their offspring. By conducting thorough health tests and working closely with veterinarians and breed-specific organizations, breeders can help reduce the risk of passing on genetic disorders and contribute to the overall health of the breed.