What should I do if my dog has a prolapsed uterus?

A prolapsed uterus in dogs, also known as uterine prolapse, is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate veterinary attention. This condition occurs when the uterus, or part of it, protrudes from the vaginal opening. It is most commonly seen in female dogs shortly after giving birth, but it can also occur during or after a heat cycle, or as a result of trauma or straining. Below is a detailed explanation of what to do if your dog has a prolapsed uterus, including background information, practical steps, and long-term care recommendations.

1. Recognizing the signs of a prolapsed uterus:
A prolapsed uterus is visually identifiable as a mass of tissue protruding from the vaginal area. The tissue may appear red, swollen, and inflamed. Your dog may also show signs of discomfort, such as excessive licking of the area, restlessness, or vocalizing in pain. In severe cases, the dog may exhibit signs of shock, such as pale gums, rapid breathing, or lethargy.

2. Immediate actions to take:
If you suspect your dog has a prolapsed uterus, it is crucial to act quickly. Do not attempt to push the tissue back in yourself, as this can cause further damage or infection. Instead, follow these steps:
- Keep your dog calm and restrict her movement to prevent further straining or injury.
- Cover the exposed tissue with a clean, damp cloth or sterile gauze to keep it moist and protect it from contamination.
- Avoid using any harsh chemicals or antiseptics on the tissue, as this can cause irritation.
- Contact your veterinarian or an emergency veterinary clinic immediately. Explain the situation clearly so they can prepare for your arrival.

3. Veterinary treatment:
Once you arrive at the vet, they will assess the severity of the prolapse and determine the best course of action. Treatment typically involves the following:
- Sedation or anesthesia to reduce pain and allow the vet to examine and treat the prolapse.
- Manual reduction of the prolapse, where the vet carefully repositions the uterus back into its normal location.
- In some cases, surgery may be required to correct the prolapse and prevent recurrence. This may involve a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) if the tissue is severely damaged or if the dog is not intended for breeding.
- Administration of antibiotics to prevent infection and pain medication to manage discomfort.

4. Potential risks and complications:
A prolapsed uterus can lead to serious complications if not treated promptly. These include tissue necrosis (death of the tissue), infection, hemorrhage, and shock. Additionally, the condition can recur if the underlying cause is not addressed. Dogs that have experienced a prolapsed uterus are at higher risk for future reproductive issues, so spaying is often recommended to prevent recurrence.

5. Long-term care and prevention:
After treatment, your dog will need a period of rest and recovery. Follow your vet's instructions regarding wound care, medication, and activity restrictions. To prevent future prolapses, consider the following:
- Spaying your dog, especially if she is not intended for breeding, can eliminate the risk of uterine prolapse and other reproductive health issues.
- Monitor your dog closely during and after pregnancy or heat cycles for any signs of straining or discomfort.
- Provide a balanced diet and proper prenatal care if your dog is pregnant to reduce the risk of complications during delivery.

6. When to seek professional help:
If you notice any signs of a prolapsed uterus, such as tissue protruding from the vaginal area or signs of pain and distress, seek veterinary care immediately. Delaying treatment can lead to severe complications and may jeopardize your dog's life.

In summary, a prolapsed uterus is a medical emergency that requires immediate veterinary intervention. By recognizing the signs, taking prompt action, and following your vet's recommendations, you can help ensure the best possible outcome for your dog. Long-term prevention, such as spaying and proper reproductive care, can reduce the risk of this condition occurring in the future. Always consult your veterinarian for personalized advice and treatment options tailored to your dog's specific needs.