What should I do if my dog has a retained puppy?

A retained puppy, also known as a retained fetus or retained placenta, is a serious condition that can occur during or after whelping (giving birth) in dogs. It happens when one or more puppies or placental tissues remain in the uterus instead of being expelled naturally. This condition can lead to life-threatening complications, such as infection (metritis), uterine inflammation, or sepsis, if not addressed promptly. Below is a detailed guide on what to do if your dog has a retained puppy.

1. Recognizing the Signs
The first step is to identify the symptoms of a retained puppy. These may include:
- Prolonged labor with no progress after the last puppy was born.
- Foul-smelling vaginal discharge, which may indicate infection.
- Lethargy, loss of appetite, or fever in the mother.
- Visible discomfort, restlessness, or signs of pain.
- Abdominal swelling or tenderness.
If you notice any of these signs, it is crucial to act quickly.

2. Immediate Steps to Take
If you suspect a retained puppy, contact your veterinarian immediately. Time is critical, as delays can lead to severe complications. While waiting for professional help:
- Keep the mother calm and comfortable in a quiet, warm environment.
- Monitor her closely for any changes in behavior or worsening symptoms.
- Avoid attempting to manually remove the puppy or placenta yourself, as this can cause injury or infection.

3. Veterinary Diagnosis and Treatment
Your veterinarian will perform a thorough examination, which may include:
- A physical exam to assess the mother's condition.
- Ultrasound or X-rays to confirm the presence of a retained puppy or placenta.
- Blood tests to check for infection or other complications.

Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition:
- If the puppy is still alive, the vet may attempt to induce labor or perform a cesarean section to deliver the puppy safely.
- If the puppy is no longer viable, the vet may administer medications to help the mother expel the retained tissue or perform surgery to remove it.
- Antibiotics will likely be prescribed to prevent or treat infection.

4. Risks and Complications
A retained puppy can lead to serious health risks for the mother, including:
- Metritis (uterine infection), which can spread to the bloodstream and cause sepsis.
- Toxemia, a condition caused by bacterial toxins entering the bloodstream.
- Uterine rupture, which can be life-threatening.
- Long-term fertility issues or complications in future pregnancies.

5. Prevention and Long-Term Care
To reduce the risk of retained puppies in future pregnancies:
- Ensure your dog is in good health before breeding. A pre-breeding veterinary checkup is essential.
- Monitor the whelping process closely and keep track of the number of puppies and placentas expelled.
- Provide proper nutrition and care during pregnancy to support the mother's health.
- Schedule a post-whelping veterinary checkup to ensure the uterus is clear and the mother is recovering well.

6. When to Seek Professional Help
If your dog shows any signs of distress during or after whelping, such as prolonged labor, foul discharge, or lethargy, seek veterinary care immediately. Do not wait, as early intervention can prevent serious complications.

7. Additional Tips
- Keep a whelping kit on hand, including clean towels, gloves, and a thermometer, to assist during the birthing process.
- Educate yourself about the normal whelping process so you can recognize abnormalities.
- Consider working with a breeder or veterinarian experienced in canine reproduction for guidance.

In summary, a retained puppy is a medical emergency that requires immediate veterinary attention. By recognizing the signs, acting quickly, and following your vet's recommendations, you can help ensure the health and safety of your dog. Prevention and proper care during pregnancy and whelping are key to minimizing the risk of this condition in the future.