What are the signs of Cushing’s disease in senior dogs?

Cushing’s disease, also known as hyperadrenocorticism, is a common endocrine disorder in senior dogs. It occurs when the adrenal glands produce excessive amounts of cortisol, a stress hormone. This condition can significantly impact a dog’s quality of life, so recognizing the signs early is crucial for effective management. Below is a detailed explanation of the signs, causes, and practical advice for dog owners.

1. Common Signs of Cushing’s Disease in Senior Dogs
The symptoms of Cushing’s disease often develop gradually, making them easy to overlook. Key signs include:
- Increased thirst and urination: Dogs with Cushing’s disease often drink and urinate excessively due to the effects of cortisol on the kidneys.
- Increased appetite: Cortisol can stimulate hunger, leading to overeating and weight gain.
- Pot-bellied appearance: A distended abdomen is a hallmark sign, caused by fat redistribution and muscle weakness.
- Hair loss and thinning: Dogs may lose hair symmetrically on their body, often starting on the flanks and tail.
- Skin changes: The skin may become thin, fragile, and prone to infections or bruising.
- Lethargy and reduced activity: Dogs may appear tired or less interested in exercise.
- Panting: Excessive panting, even at rest, is a common symptom.
- Recurrent infections: High cortisol levels can weaken the immune system, leading to frequent skin, urinary, or ear infections.

2. Causes and Types of Cushing’s Disease
Cushing’s disease can result from three main causes:
- Pituitary-dependent Cushing’s: This is the most common form, caused by a benign tumor on the pituitary gland, which overstimulates the adrenal glands.
- Adrenal-dependent Cushing’s: This form is caused by a tumor on one or both adrenal glands, leading to excessive cortisol production.
- Iatrogenic Cushing’s: This occurs when a dog has been on long-term steroid medications, which suppress the adrenal glands and mimic the disease.

3. Diagnosis and Testing
If you suspect your dog has Cushing’s disease, consult your veterinarian. They will perform a physical exam and may recommend diagnostic tests such as:
- Blood tests: To check for elevated liver enzymes and cholesterol.
- Urine tests: To assess cortisol levels and rule out other conditions.
- ACTH stimulation test: Measures the adrenal glands’ response to stimulation.
- Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test: Evaluates how the body processes cortisol.
- Imaging: Ultrasounds or X-rays may be used to identify tumors on the adrenal or pituitary glands.

4. Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the type and severity of Cushing’s disease:
- Medication: Drugs like trilostane or mitotane can regulate cortisol production. These require careful monitoring and regular follow-ups.
- Surgery: In cases of adrenal tumors, surgical removal may be an option.
- Management of iatrogenic Cushing’s: Gradual reduction of steroid medications under veterinary supervision.

5. Risks and Concerns
Untreated Cushing’s disease can lead to serious complications, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and life-threatening infections. Additionally, medications used to treat the condition can have side effects, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or lethargy. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to monitor your dog’s progress and adjust treatment as needed.

6. Prevention and Long-Term Care
While Cushing’s disease cannot always be prevented, early detection and management can improve your dog’s quality of life. Provide a balanced diet, regular exercise, and a stress-free environment. Monitor your dog for any changes in behavior or appearance, and report them to your vet promptly.

7. When to Seek Professional Help
If your senior dog exhibits any of the signs mentioned above, schedule a veterinary appointment immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment can slow disease progression and reduce complications. Additionally, if your dog is on long-term steroid therapy, discuss the risks of iatrogenic Cushing’s with your vet.

8. Additional Tips
- Keep a journal of your dog’s symptoms, including changes in appetite, thirst, and activity levels.
- Follow your vet’s instructions carefully when administering medications.
- Be patient, as managing Cushing’s disease is often a long-term process.

In conclusion, Cushing’s disease is a manageable condition with proper veterinary care. By staying vigilant and proactive, you can help your senior dog live a comfortable and happy life. Always consult your veterinarian for personalized advice and treatment options tailored to your dog’s specific needs.