What are the signs of degenerative myelopathy in senior dogs?

Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive neurological disease that primarily affects senior dogs, typically those over the age of 8. It is a condition that impacts the spinal cord, leading to a gradual loss of coordination and mobility in the hind limbs. Recognizing the signs of degenerative myelopathy early is crucial for managing the condition and ensuring the best possible quality of life for your dog.

1. Early Signs of Degenerative Myelopathy
The initial symptoms of degenerative myelopathy are often subtle and can be mistaken for normal signs of aging or other conditions like arthritis. One of the first signs is a slight wobbling or unsteadiness in the hind legs, particularly when the dog is walking or turning. You may notice that your dog drags their back paws slightly, causing the tops of their nails to wear down. This is often referred to as "knuckling." Additionally, dogs with DM may have difficulty getting up from a lying position or may appear to stumble or lose their balance more frequently.

2. Progression of Symptoms
As the disease progresses, the symptoms become more pronounced. The hind limb weakness worsens, and the dog may begin to cross their back legs when walking, leading to a characteristic "scissoring" gait. Over time, the dog may lose the ability to support their weight on their hind legs, resulting in dragging or complete paralysis of the back limbs. Muscle atrophy, or the wasting away of muscle tissue, is also common in the later stages of the disease. This occurs because the nerves that control the muscles are no longer functioning properly.

3. Behavioral and Secondary Symptoms
While degenerative myelopathy primarily affects the hind limbs, it can also lead to secondary issues. Dogs with DM may develop urinary or fecal incontinence due to the loss of nerve control in the lower body. They may also experience changes in behavior, such as increased anxiety or frustration, as they struggle to cope with their declining mobility. It's important to note that DM does not typically cause pain, which can help distinguish it from other conditions like arthritis or intervertebral disc disease.

4. Diagnosis and Confirmation
Diagnosing degenerative myelopathy can be challenging because its symptoms overlap with many other conditions. A thorough veterinary examination is essential, including a neurological assessment to evaluate the dog's reflexes, coordination, and muscle tone. Advanced imaging techniques, such as MRI or CT scans, may be used to rule out other spinal cord diseases. In some cases, a genetic test can be performed to identify a mutation in the SOD1 gene, which is associated with DM in certain breeds. However, a positive genetic test alone does not confirm the diagnosis, as not all dogs with the mutation develop the disease.

5. Management and Care
While there is no cure for degenerative myelopathy, there are several ways to manage the condition and support your dog's quality of life. Physical therapy and regular exercise, such as swimming or controlled walking, can help maintain muscle strength and mobility for as long as possible. Assistive devices like harnesses, slings, or wheelchairs can provide support and enable your dog to remain active. Keeping your dog at a healthy weight is also important, as excess weight can put additional strain on their weakened limbs.

6. Long-Term Considerations
As degenerative myelopathy progresses, you may need to make adjustments to your home environment to accommodate your dog's changing needs. This could include providing non-slip flooring, ramps, or steps to help them navigate more easily. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to monitor the progression of the disease and address any secondary issues, such as skin sores or infections, that may arise from reduced mobility.

7. When to Seek Professional Help
If you notice any of the early signs of degenerative myelopathy in your senior dog, it's important to consult your veterinarian as soon as possible. Early intervention can help slow the progression of the disease and improve your dog's quality of life. Additionally, if your dog shows signs of pain, sudden worsening of symptoms, or other concerning changes, seek veterinary care immediately, as these could indicate a different underlying condition.

In conclusion, degenerative myelopathy is a challenging condition that requires careful management and compassionate care. By recognizing the signs early and working closely with your veterinarian, you can help your dog navigate this disease with dignity and comfort.