What health testing should ethical breeders perform on their breeding dogs?

Ethical breeders play a crucial role in maintaining and improving the health and temperament of dog breeds. To ensure they are producing healthy puppies, ethical breeders must perform a variety of health tests on their breeding dogs. These tests help identify genetic conditions, structural issues, and other health concerns that could be passed on to offspring. Below is a detailed explanation of the health testing ethical breeders should perform, along with practical recommendations and considerations.

1. Breed-Specific Genetic Testing
Different dog breeds are predisposed to specific genetic conditions. Ethical breeders should research the common health issues in their breed and perform the appropriate genetic tests. For example, Golden Retrievers are prone to hip dysplasia and certain cancers, while Dachshunds are at risk for intervertebral disc disease. Common genetic tests include those for progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), degenerative myelopathy (DM), and von Willebrand's disease. Breed-specific DNA panels are available through veterinary genetic testing companies and can screen for multiple conditions at once.

2. Hip and Elbow Dysplasia Screening
Hip and elbow dysplasia are common orthopedic issues in many breeds, particularly larger dogs. Ethical breeders should have their breeding dogs evaluated for these conditions using radiographs (X-rays) and submit the results to organizations like the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) or the PennHIP program. These evaluations help determine the dog's joint health and the likelihood of passing on dysplasia to offspring. Dogs with poor scores should not be bred.

3. Cardiac Evaluations
Heart conditions, such as mitral valve disease and dilated cardiomyopathy, can be inherited. Ethical breeders should have their dogs evaluated by a board-certified veterinary cardiologist. This typically involves auscultation (listening to the heart) and an echocardiogram to assess heart structure and function. Dogs with significant heart abnormalities should not be used in breeding programs.

4. Eye Examinations
Many breeds are prone to inherited eye conditions, such as cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal dysplasia. Ethical breeders should have their dogs examined by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist. These exams are often part of the Canine Eye Registry Foundation (CERF) or OFA eye certification programs. Dogs with serious eye conditions should not be bred.

5. Thyroid Testing
Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder in dogs and can lead to skin issues, weight gain, and lethargy. Ethical breeders should test their dogs' thyroid function through blood tests and submit the results to the OFA for certification. Dogs with abnormal thyroid levels should not be bred.

6. Patellar Luxation Screening
Patellar luxation, or kneecap dislocation, is a common issue in small and toy breeds. Ethical breeders should have their dogs evaluated for this condition through a physical examination and, if necessary, radiographs. Dogs with severe patellar luxation should not be bred.

7. Additional Tests Based on Breed and Individual Health
Depending on the breed and the individual dog's health history, additional tests may be necessary. For example, some breeds require testing for exercise-induced collapse (EIC), copper storage disease, or specific types of cancer. Ethical breeders should work closely with their veterinarian to determine which tests are appropriate.

8. Temperament and Behavior Evaluation
While not a medical test, temperament is a critical factor in breeding decisions. Ethical breeders should evaluate their dogs' behavior, ensuring they are stable, confident, and free from aggression or severe anxiety. Dogs with poor temperaments should not be bred, as these traits can be passed on to offspring.

9. Documentation and Transparency
Ethical breeders should maintain detailed records of all health tests and share this information with potential puppy buyers. Transparency is key to building trust and ensuring the long-term health of the breed.

10. When to Seek Professional Help
If a breeder is unsure which tests are necessary for their breed, they should consult with a veterinarian, breed club, or canine geneticist. These professionals can provide guidance on the most relevant tests and help interpret the results.

In conclusion, ethical breeders have a responsibility to prioritize the health and well-being of their dogs and future puppies. By performing comprehensive health testing, they can reduce the risk of passing on genetic conditions and contribute to the overall improvement of the breed. Prospective puppy buyers should always ask to see health test results and certifications before committing to a breeder.