How do dogs express submission or dominance in a pack setting?

Dogs express submission and dominance in a pack setting through a combination of body language, vocalizations, and behaviors. These signals are deeply rooted in their evolutionary history as pack animals and are essential for maintaining social order and reducing conflict. Understanding these behaviors can help dog owners interpret their pet's actions and manage interactions with other dogs effectively.

1. Submission in Dogs
Submission is a way for dogs to communicate that they are not a threat and to avoid conflict. Submissive behaviors are often displayed when a dog feels intimidated, wants to show respect, or is trying to appease a more dominant individual. Common signs of submission include:

a. Body posture: A submissive dog will often lower its body, crouch, or roll onto its back, exposing its belly. This is a vulnerable position that signals trust and deference.

b. Tail position: The tail may be tucked between the legs or held low and wagging slowly. A high, stiff tail is a sign of confidence, while a low or tucked tail indicates submission.

c. Ears: Submissive dogs often flatten their ears against their head, making themselves appear smaller and less threatening.

d. Eye contact: Avoiding direct eye contact is a submissive gesture. A submissive dog may look away, blink frequently, or avert its gaze.

e. Licking: Submissive dogs may lick the face or muzzle of a more dominant dog or person. This behavior, known as "licking the lips," is a calming signal and a way to show deference.

f. Play bow: While often associated with play, the play bow (front legs stretched forward, rear end in the air) can also be a submissive gesture, signaling friendly intentions.

2. Dominance in Dogs
Dominance is displayed when a dog wants to assert its status or control over a situation. Dominant behaviors are not inherently aggressive but are used to establish and maintain social hierarchy. Common signs of dominance include:

a. Body posture: A dominant dog will stand tall, with its weight evenly distributed and its head held high. It may also lean over another dog or person to assert control.

b. Tail position: The tail is typically held high and may be stiff or wagging slowly. A high tail signals confidence and authority.

c. Ears: Dominant dogs often have their ears erect and forward-facing, indicating alertness and confidence.

d. Eye contact: Direct, sustained eye contact is a sign of dominance. A dominant dog may stare down another dog to assert its position.

e. Mounting: Mounting another dog or person is a common dominance behavior, even if it is not sexual in nature. It is a way to assert control and establish hierarchy.

f. Resource guarding: Dominant dogs may guard food, toys, or other resources to show their control over valuable items.

3. Scientific and Professional Insights
Research on canine behavior has shown that dominance and submission are not fixed traits but are context-dependent. A dog may display dominant behaviors in one situation and submissive behaviors in another, depending on the social dynamics and the individuals involved. It is important to note that dominance is not synonymous with aggression. A well-socialized dog will use subtle body language to communicate its status without resorting to violence.

4. Practical Tips and Recommendations
To manage dominance and submission in a household with multiple dogs, it is essential to establish clear rules and boundaries. Here are some practical tips:

a. Provide consistent leadership: Dogs thrive in environments where they understand their place in the hierarchy. Be a calm and assertive leader to prevent conflicts.

b. Avoid reinforcing dominant behaviors: Do not reward dominant behaviors like resource guarding or mounting. Instead, redirect the dog's attention and reinforce calm, polite behavior.

c. Encourage positive interactions: Reward submissive behaviors like deferring to another dog or person with praise, treats, or affection. This reinforces peaceful coexistence.

d. Monitor play: Watch for signs of tension during play, such as stiff body language or excessive mounting. Intervene if play becomes too rough or one dog appears stressed.

5. Potential Risks and Concerns
Misinterpreting dominance and submission can lead to mismanagement of dog behavior. For example, punishing a dog for submissive behaviors like rolling over can increase anxiety and fear. Similarly, failing to address excessive dominance can lead to conflicts and aggression. It is crucial to understand the context and motivation behind these behaviors.

6. Additional Related Information
Dogs also use vocalizations like growling, barking, and whining to communicate dominance or submission. Growling can be a warning sign of dominance or a defensive response, while whining often indicates submission or a desire to appease.

7. When to Seek Professional Help
If dominance or submission behaviors escalate into aggression, or if you are unsure how to manage these behaviors, consult a professional dog trainer or behaviorist. They can provide personalized guidance and help create a harmonious environment for your dogs.

In conclusion, understanding how dogs express submission and dominance is key to fostering healthy relationships between dogs and their human companions. By observing and interpreting these behaviors, you can create a balanced and peaceful pack dynamic.