What are the risks of von Willebrand’s disease in Scottish Terriers?

Von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) is a genetic bleeding disorder that affects dogs, including Scottish Terriers. It is caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a protein essential for blood clotting. This condition can lead to excessive bleeding, even from minor injuries or surgeries, and poses significant risks to affected dogs. Below is a detailed explanation of the risks, implications, and management strategies for Scottish Terriers with von Willebrand’s disease.

1. Understanding von Willebrand’s Disease in Scottish Terriers
Von Willebrand’s disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, meaning a dog must inherit the defective gene from both parents to develop the disease. Scottish Terriers are among the breeds predisposed to this condition. The disease is classified into three types, with Type 1 being the most common in dogs. Type 1 involves a partial deficiency of vWF, while Types 2 and 3 are more severe, with Type 3 resulting in a near-complete absence of the protein.

2. Risks and Symptoms
The primary risk of vWD is uncontrolled bleeding, which can occur spontaneously or after trauma, surgery, or dental procedures. Common symptoms include nosebleeds, bleeding gums, prolonged bleeding from minor cuts, blood in urine or stool, and excessive bruising. In severe cases, internal bleeding can occur, leading to life-threatening complications. Female dogs may also experience prolonged bleeding during heat cycles or after giving birth.

3. Diagnosis and Testing
Diagnosing vWD involves a blood test to measure the level of von Willebrand factor in the dog’s blood. A buccal mucosal screening test can also be performed to assess clotting time. Genetic testing is available to identify carriers of the defective gene, which is particularly useful for breeders to prevent passing the condition to future generations.

4. Management and Treatment
While there is no cure for vWD, the condition can be managed with careful monitoring and preventive measures. Dogs with vWD should avoid activities that could lead to injury. Before any surgical or dental procedures, a veterinarian should be informed of the dog’s condition, and precautions such as administering desmopressin (DDAVP) or transfusing plasma rich in vWF may be necessary to reduce bleeding risks.

5. Breeding Considerations
Since vWD is a genetic disorder, responsible breeding practices are crucial. Breeders should test their dogs for the condition and avoid breeding carriers or affected dogs. This helps reduce the prevalence of the disease in the breed and ensures healthier litters.

6. Long-Term Care and Monitoring
Owners of Scottish Terriers with vWD should maintain regular veterinary check-ups to monitor their dog’s health. Keeping a record of any bleeding episodes and informing the veterinarian of any changes in the dog’s condition is essential. A safe environment free of sharp objects or hazards that could cause injury is also important.

7. When to Seek Professional Help
If a Scottish Terrier shows signs of excessive bleeding, such as persistent nosebleeds, blood in urine or stool, or unexplained bruising, immediate veterinary attention is necessary. In cases of severe bleeding, emergency care may be required to stabilize the dog and prevent complications.

8. Prevention and Awareness
Educating owners about the risks and symptoms of vWD is vital for early detection and management. Breeders and owners should work together to promote awareness and implement testing protocols to reduce the incidence of this condition in Scottish Terriers.

In conclusion, von Willebrand’s disease poses significant risks to Scottish Terriers, but with proper diagnosis, management, and preventive measures, affected dogs can lead healthy lives. Owners should be vigilant about their dog’s health and work closely with their veterinarian to minimize the risks associated with this condition. Responsible breeding practices and genetic testing are key to reducing the prevalence of vWD in the breed.