What are the signs of labor in dogs?

Recognizing the signs of labor in dogs is crucial for ensuring the health and safety of both the mother and her puppies. Labor in dogs, also known as whelping, typically occurs between 58 to 68 days after conception, with 63 days being the average. The process is divided into three stages, and each stage has distinct signs that indicate the progression of labor.

1. Stage One: Pre-Labor
This stage can last anywhere from 6 to 12 hours, but in some cases, it may extend up to 24 hours. During this time, the dog's body prepares for the delivery of the puppies. Signs of stage one labor include:
- Restlessness and pacing: The dog may appear anxious, unable to settle, and may move around frequently.
- Nesting behavior: The dog may start digging or scratching at her bedding, trying to create a comfortable and safe space for her puppies.
- Loss of appetite: The dog may refuse food, which is a common sign that labor is imminent.
- Drop in body temperature: A dog's normal body temperature ranges from 101 to 102.5 degrees Fahrenheit. About 24 hours before labor begins, her temperature may drop to around 98 to 99 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Panting and shivering: These are signs of discomfort and can indicate that the dog is experiencing early contractions.

2. Stage Two: Active Labor
This stage begins when the dog starts having strong, visible contractions and ends when all the puppies are born. It can last anywhere from a few hours to 24 hours, depending on the number of puppies and the dog's individual circumstances. Signs of stage two labor include:
- Strong contractions: The dog's abdomen will visibly tighten and relax as she pushes. You may also notice her straining or bearing down.
- Breaking of the water sac: A clear or slightly bloody fluid may be released as the water sac surrounding each puppy breaks.
- Delivery of puppies: Each puppy is typically born within 30 minutes to an hour after the onset of strong contractions. The mother will usually lick the puppy to clean it and stimulate breathing.
- Rest periods between puppies: The mother may take breaks between delivering each puppy, which can last from a few minutes to a couple of hours. This is normal, but if the break lasts longer than two hours and you suspect there are more puppies, it's important to contact your veterinarian.

3. Stage Three: Expulsion of Placenta
This stage involves the expulsion of the placenta, which usually occurs shortly after each puppy is born. The mother may eat the placenta, which is a natural behavior that provides her with nutrients. Signs of stage three labor include:
- Expulsion of the placenta: You may see the placenta being passed after each puppy is born. It's important to count the placentas to ensure that none are retained, as this can lead to infection.
- Continued contractions: The mother may continue to have mild contractions as she expels the remaining placentas.

Potential Risks and Concerns:
- Prolonged labor: If the dog has been in active labor for more than two hours without delivering a puppy, or if she has been straining for more than 30 minutes without progress, it could indicate a problem such as a stuck puppy or uterine inertia. Immediate veterinary assistance is required.
- Retained placenta: If not all placentas are expelled, it can lead to infection or other complications. A veterinarian should be consulted if you suspect a retained placenta.
- Weak or non-responsive puppies: If a puppy is not breathing or appears weak, the mother may need assistance in stimulating the puppy. In some cases, you may need to clear the puppy's airways and rub it gently to encourage breathing.

Practical Tips and Recommendations:
- Prepare a whelping box: A comfortable, quiet, and warm space should be prepared for the dog to give birth. The box should be large enough for the mother to move around but with sides high enough to keep the puppies contained.
- Monitor the dog closely: Keep a close eye on the dog during labor, but try not to interfere unless necessary. Your presence can be comforting, but too much interference can stress the mother.
- Have emergency contacts ready: Keep your veterinarian's phone number and the number of an emergency veterinary clinic readily available in case complications arise.

When to Seek Professional Help:
- If the dog has been in stage one labor for more than 24 hours without progressing to stage two.
- If the dog has been in active labor for more than two hours without delivering a puppy.
- If the dog appears to be in extreme pain or distress.
- If there is excessive bleeding or a foul-smelling discharge.
- If the dog is unable to deliver a puppy that appears to be stuck.

In conclusion, understanding the signs of labor in dogs and knowing when to seek professional help is essential for a successful whelping process. By being prepared and vigilant, you can help ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and her puppies.